Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance among Pilgrims with Infectious Diseases during Hajj: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 Pandemic

Hajj pilgrimage is a large mass gathering global event that may facilitate the spread and emergence of various infectious diseases as well antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in local scenario. Planning preparing for these public health issues challenging complex process Kingdom Saudi Arabia (KSA) authorities. Despite multiple efforts prevention treatment through longtime funding education medical care, prevalence disease still high among pilgrims. The commonly observed during include respiratory tract infections (influenza pneumonia), urinary skin necessitate use antimicrobials. Beta-lactams are used first-line hospital acquired community due to their broad-spectrum activity. However, most bacterial isolates such Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp. E. coli resistant beta-lactams. Irrational antimicrobials, lack infection practices suboptimal healthcare access further exacerbate risk spreading AMR Enhanced collaboration between countries, sharing best international cooperation crucial addressing threats Consequently, robust surveillance systems early detection monitoring AMR, with national agencies, effective control measures, awareness rational antimicrobials via stewardship programs required mitigate ensure well-being pilgrims Hajj.